HF Ham Radio antenna

As ham radio operators, we’re always looking for a way to save a buck. I’ll frequently dig through a free bin of part, hoping to scavenge something for the next project. This scavenger mentality extends to coax feed-line. High quality coax cable can be expensive. That’s why we love a deal when can find it. The cable television companies go through miles of coax cable on a daily basis. Often a ham can pick up free pieces and reel ends for pennies on the dollar. Or just take a trip through your local home improvement store and you’ll see 100 foot spools of 75 Ohm RG-6 for a fraction of the cost of similar 50 Ohm RG-8U.

But are 75 Ohm cables really a good bet? Will it work for ham radio? Or am I setting myself up for aggravation? This article explores the good and bad of 75 Ohm coax cable.

Impedance mismatch of 75 Ohm Cable

RG-59 and RG-6 are 75 Ohm coaxial cables designed for cable television applications, they tend to have wide frequency response and low line loss. They also have an impedance of 75 ohms, which is a standard for coax cable used in the broadcast industry. You can use these cables with a 50 Ohm amateur radio antenna system, but because of the impedance mismatch, your SWR will be a little higher. For example, if everything else is balanced out, using the 75 ohm cable with a 50 Ohm antenna will increase your SWR to 1.5:1 at the transmitter.

For HF, this mismatch isn’t a big deal

Now this really isn’t a big deal as 1.5:1 is still within the 2:1 SWR limit that most modern ham radio transceivers will tolerate. In HF applications, the impedance mismatch can be further reduced by the use of an antenna tuner. The tuner gives the transmitter the 50 Ohm match that it expects. So for their HF antenna systems, many hams will use RG-59 or RG-6 because it’s cheaper than 50 Ohm RG-58 or RG-8, and any mismatch can be resolved by the tuner. It works, but it’s not an ideal situation.

But you also don’t have to live with the mismatch on VHF

VHF/UHF is another story. RG-6 is rated for applications below 150 MHz, so it can be used with transmitters and antennas on the 2 meter band. but above the frequency, the losses are going to be so high, that you might as well invest in quality 50 Ohm cable. While resolving the impedance mismatch isn’t critical (you can still run with an SWR of 1.5:1) most VHF rigs don’t offer antenna tuners to create a 50 ohm match for the transmitter. You’ll just have to take a small performance hit in exchange for saving money.

There are two ways to deal with this mismatch. They don’t require a tuner, but you will only be able to effectively use the cable run for a single frequency or band. By the way, these methods also work on HF too.

The first method is to measure and cut your coax so the entire cable run can be measured in 1/2 wavelength multiples. For the two meter band, a half wave is approximately 38 inches. Keeping your cable length within these 1/2 wave multiples will present a near 50 Ohm match at the transmitter end of the line. But how does this work?

Say you where to take a length of 50 Ohm coax and put a 100 Ohm resister at the end. If you where to measure the impedance at the other end, what would it be? Not necessarily 50 Ohms. The reason is that coax offers a mix of resistive and reactive elements that change with the length of the coax. For example, using 1/4 wave length multiples of 75 Ohm coax will give you your 100 Ohm resister a 50 Ohm impedance at the transmitter end. Now if you were to substitute that resister with a 50 ohm antenna, using 1/2 wave multiples of 75 Ohm coax would give you a 50 Ohm impedance. Not too shabby.

This practice works well with VHF as the 1/2 waves are relatively short, so you don’t need to contend with a bunch of extra coax cable. But as you lower the frequency, those wavelengths increase, to the point were you’ve got up to 120 feet of extra cable on the 75 meter band.

Another method is to use a transformer. Like I mentioned earlier that transmission line offers a mix of resistive and reactive components based on length, you can change the impedance of a 75 Ohm coax cable line by using short 1/12 wavelength sections of 75 and 50 Ohm coax at the feed point and transmitter. This method again only works for a particular frequency, but you will have enough bandwidth to still cover the 2 meter VHF band.

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